ExpressKeys vs Keeper Comparison

• Keeper Unlimited (individual, 1-year): $42.99 per year
• Keeper Family (5 users, 1-year): $91.99 per year

White-box design and cryptographic-trust-assumption review plus dynamic penetration testing and source-code audit of the ExpressKeys Android and iOS apps and their shared Rust core. Five senior testers, sixteen days. Backend components and third-party dependency analysis were out of scope.

The vault is protected by a symmetric document key, itself wrapped by a root key derived from your vault password via PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA512 at 210,000 iterations. Cure53's March 2026 audit flagged this as GPU-crackable and recommended a memory-hard function (Argon2id or scrypt) instead.

Each record is encrypted client-side with its own 256-bit AES-GCM key; those record keys are wrapped by a per-user Data Key, which is in turn wrapped by a key derived from the master password with PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256 at 1,000,000 iterations (128-bit salt) — the highest iteration count among the managers reviewed here. Every field is encrypted, including URLs, titles, notes, custom fields, TOTP secrets and file attachments. The offline cache uses a separate randomly generated Client Key protected with PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA512. A hybrid Kyber key-encapsulation layer began rolling out across the clients in November 2025.

ExpressVPN (and ExpressKeys as one of its products) is registered in the British Virgin Islands and has been part of Kape Technologies plc (LSE-listed, ultimate beneficial owner Teddy Sagi) since September 2021.

Founder-led (Darren Guccione, CEO; Craig Lurey, CTO), headquartered in Chicago with a product office in El Dorado Hills, California and sales offices in Cork, Ireland and Tokyo. Two minority growth-equity investments: Insight Partners ($60M, August 2020 — the company's first outside equity) and Summit Partners (May 2023). No majority-stake acquisition; the founders retain control.