1Password vs Keeper Comparison

• Individual (annual): $47.88/year
• Families (up to 6 users, annual): $71.88/year

• Keeper Unlimited (individual, 1-year): $42.99 per year
• Keeper Family (5 users, 1-year): $91.99 per year

Penetration test and code review of the 1Password system

Data is encrypted with AES-GCM-256. The vault key is derived from your account password using PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256 at 650,000 iterations, then combined with a 128-bit Secret Key that never leaves your devices — so an attacker who guesses the password alone still cannot decrypt anything. Authentication uses SRP, so password-equivalent data is never sent to the server.

Each record is encrypted client-side with its own 256-bit AES-GCM key; those record keys are wrapped by a per-user Data Key, which is in turn wrapped by a key derived from the master password with PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256 at 1,000,000 iterations (128-bit salt) — the highest iteration count among the managers reviewed here. Every field is encrypted, including URLs, titles, notes, custom fields, TOTP secrets and file attachments. The offline cache uses a separate randomly generated Client Key protected with PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA512. A hybrid Kyber key-encapsulation layer began rolling out across the clients in November 2025.

AgileBits Inc., a Canadian company headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. Venture-funded — Accel and ICONIQ Growth both hold board seats. Founded 2005; roughly 1,400 employees.

Founder-led (Darren Guccione, CEO; Craig Lurey, CTO), headquartered in Chicago with a product office in El Dorado Hills, California and sales offices in Cork, Ireland and Tokyo. Two minority growth-equity investments: Insight Partners ($60M, August 2020 — the company's first outside equity) and Summit Partners (May 2023). No majority-stake acquisition; the founders retain control.