Bitwarden vs Keeper Comparison

• Premium (individual, annual): $19.80/year
• Families (up to 6 users, annual): $47.88/year

• Keeper Unlimited (individual, 1-year): $42.99 per year
• Keeper Family (5 users, 1-year): $91.99 per year

Penetration test and source-code audit of the Bitwarden core application

600,000 PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256 iterations by default on the client, plus more server-side (700,000 total for the master password hash); Argon2id is available as an alternative KDF. Item names, notes, URIs, custom field names, TOTP secrets and card/identity data are all encrypted client-side. Vault metadata — which account an item belongs to, the number of items — is not.

Each record is encrypted client-side with its own 256-bit AES-GCM key; those record keys are wrapped by a per-user Data Key, which is in turn wrapped by a key derived from the master password with PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256 at 1,000,000 iterations (128-bit salt) — the highest iteration count among the managers reviewed here. Every field is encrypted, including URLs, titles, notes, custom fields, TOTP secrets and file attachments. The offline cache uses a separate randomly generated Client Key protected with PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA512. A hybrid Kyber key-encapsulation layer began rolling out across the clients in November 2025.

Private US company based in Santa Barbara, California; the parent company of 8bit Solutions LLC. Founded by Kyle Spearrin, who remains Chief Innovation Officer.

Founder-led (Darren Guccione, CEO; Craig Lurey, CTO), headquartered in Chicago with a product office in El Dorado Hills, California and sales offices in Cork, Ireland and Tokyo. Two minority growth-equity investments: Insight Partners ($60M, August 2020 — the company's first outside equity) and Summit Partners (May 2023). No majority-stake acquisition; the founders retain control.